Power Mac 7200: PCI USB Cards; Power Mac 7200: PC Compatibility; Power Mac 7200: OS 9.2.2. IO-Data RX4420. My second drive arrived. I set the SCSI ID to '1', knowing that one HDD was '0' and the other was '2'. All installed and ready to go, I booted the machine. For the first 10 seconds I could happily press the eject button and the tray.

This article's does not adequately key points of its contents. Please consider expanding the lead to of all important aspects of the article. Please discuss this issue on the article's. ( February 2014)NTFSFull nameNT File SystemIntroducedJuly 1993 withStructuresDirectory contentsvariantFile allocationBitmapBad blocks$BadClus (MFT Record)LimitsMax. Volume size2 64 − 1 cluster (format);256 − 64 ( version 1703, or earlier implementation)8 – 2 (Windows 10 version 1709, or later implementation)Max. File size16 – 1 (format);16 – 64 (, or earlier implementation)256 – 64 (, or later implementation)8 – 2 (Windows 10 version 1709, or later implementation)Max. Number of files4,294,967,295 (2 32-1)Max.

Filename length255 code unitsAllowed characters in filenames. Contents.History In the mid-1980s, and formed a joint project to create the next generation of graphical; the result was. Because Microsoft disagreed with IBM on many important issues, they eventually separated; OS/2 remained an IBM project and Microsoft worked to develop and NTFS.The file system for OS/2 contained several important new features. When Microsoft created their new operating system, they 'borrowed' many of these concepts for NTFS.

The original NTFS developers were, Gary Kimura, Brian Andrew, and David Goebel.Probably as a result of this common ancestry, HPFS and NTFS use the same identification type code (07). Using the same Partition ID Record Number is highly unusual, since there were dozens of unused code numbers available, and other major file systems have their own codes. For example, FAT has more than nine (one each for, etc.). Main article:Alternate data streams allow more than one to be associated with a filename (a ), using the format 'filename:streamname' (e.g., 'text.txt:extrastream').NTFS Streams were introduced in, to enable Services for Macintosh (SFM) to store.

Although current versions of Windows Server no longer include SFM, third-party (AFP) products (such as 's ) still use this feature of the file system. Very small ADS (named 'Zone.Identifier') are added by and recently by other browsers to mark files downloaded from external sites as possibly unsafe to run; the local shell would then require user confirmation before opening them. When the user indicates that they no longer want this confirmation dialog, this ADS is deleted.Alternate streams are not listed in Windows Explorer, and their size is not included in the file's size. When the file is copied or moved to another file system without ADS support the user is warned that alternate data streams cannot be preserved. No such warning is typically provided if the file is attached to an e-mail, or uploaded to a website.

Thus, using alternate streams for critical data may cause problems. Microsoft provides a tool called Streams to view streams on a selected volume. Starting with 3.0, it is possible to manage ADS natively with six cmdlets: Add-Content, Clear-Content, Get-Content, Get-Item, Remove-Item, Set-Content.has used alternate data streams to hide code. As a result, malware scanners and other special tools now check for alternate data streams.File compression NTFS can files using LZNT1 algorithm (a variant of ) Files are compressed in 16 cluster chunks. With 4 clusters, files are compressed in 64 KB chunks. The compression algorithms in NTFS are designed to support cluster sizes of up to 4 KB.

When the cluster size is greater than 4 KB on an NTFS volume, NTFS compression is not available. If the compression reduces 64 KB of data to 60 KB or less, NTFS treats the unneeded 4 KB pages like empty clusters—they are not written. This allows for reasonable random-access times as the OS just has to follow the chain of fragments.Note: The following section refers to tests, research and recommendations done and intended for storage devices with a high, such as a mechanical HDD,.

See further down for updated info regarding SSD and similar devices with low.However, large compressible files become highly fragmented since every chunk smaller than 64 KB becomes a fragment. According to research by Microsoft's NTFS Development team, 50–60 is a reasonable maximum size for a compressed file on an NTFS volume with a 4 KB (default) cluster (block) size. This reasonable maximum size decreases sharply for volumes with smaller cluster sizes. Single-user systems with limited hard disk space can benefit from NTFS compression for small files, from 4 KB to 64 KB or more, depending on compressibility. Files smaller than approximately 900 bytes are stored within the directory entry of the.Flash memory, such as drives do not have the head movement delays of, so fragmentation has only a smaller penalty. Users of fast will find improvements in application speed by compressing their applications and data as well as a reduction in space used. Note that SSDs with Sandforce controllers already compress data.

However, since less data is transferred, there is a reduction in I/Os.Compression works best with files that have repetitive content, are seldom written, are usually accessed sequentially, and are not themselves compressed. Log files are an ideal example.If system files that are needed at boot time (such as drivers, NTLDR, winload.exe, or BOOTMGR) are compressed, the system may fail to boot correctly, because decompression filters are not yet loaded. Later editions of Windows do not allow important system files to be compressed.Files may be compressed or decompressed individually (via changing the advanced attributes) for a drive, directory, or directory tree, becoming a default for the files inside.Although read–write access to compressed files is, Microsoft recommends avoiding compression on server systems and/or network shares holding roaming profiles, because it puts a considerable load on the processor. CompactOS algorithms Since, Microsoft has introduced additional algorithms, namely XPRESS4K/8K/16K.

Both algorithms are based on with, which LZNT1 lacked. These algorithms were taken from the. They are mainly used for new CompactOS feature, which compresses the entire system partition using one of these algorithms. They can also be manually turned on per file with the /exe flag of the compact command.Microsoft did not change the NTFS specification to introduce these new features. It rather chose to use a on the file with tag 0x80000017 to record the fact that the file has been specially compressed, and the actual data is stored in an alternate data stream named 'WofCompressedData' (for Windows Overlay Filesystem). The new design is meant purely for read-only access, so any writes to compressed files result in fully decompressing the file on Windows. Sparse files.

A sparse file: Empty bytes don't need to be saved, thus they can be represented by.are files interspersed with empty segments for which no actual storage space is used. To the applications, the file looks like an ordinary file with empty regions seen as regions filled with zeros. A sparse file does not necessarily include sparse zeros areas; the 'sparse file' attribute just means that the file is allowed to have them.Database applications, for instance, may use sparse files.

As with compressed files, the actual sizes of sparse files are not taken into account when determining quota limits. Volume Shadow Copy The keeps historical versions of files and folders on NTFS volumes by copying old, newly overwritten data to shadow copy via technique. The user may later request an earlier version to be recovered. This also allows data backup programs to archive files currently in use by the file system. On heavily loaded systems, Microsoft recommends setting up a shadow copy volume on a separate disk.Windows Vista also introduced persistent shadow copies for use with and features. Persistent shadow copies, however, are deleted when an older operating system mounts that NTFS volume.

This happens because the older operating system does not understand the newer format of persistent shadow copies. Transactions As of Windows Vista, applications can use (TxF) to group multiple changes to files together into a single transaction. The transaction will guarantee that either all of the changes happen, or none of them do, and that no application outside the transaction will see the changes until they are committed.It uses similar techniques as those used for Volume Shadow Copies (i.e.

Copy-on-write) to ensure that overwritten data can be safely rolled back, and a log to mark the transactions that have still not been committed, or those that have been committed but still not fully applied (in case of system crash during a commit by one of the participants).Transactional NTFS does not restrict transactions to just the local NTFS volume, but also includes other transactional data or operations in other locations such as data stored in separate volumes, the local registry, or SQL databases, or the current states of system services or remote services. These transactions are coordinated network-wide with all participants using a specific service, the, to ensure that all participants will receive same commit state, and to transport the changes that have been validated by any participant (so that the others can invalidate their local caches for old data or rollback their ongoing uncommitted changes). Transactional NTFS allows, for example, the creation of network-wide consistent distributed file systems, including with their local live or offline caches.Microsoft now advises against using TxF: 'Microsoft strongly recommends developers utilize alternative means' since 'TxF may not be available in future versions of Microsoft Windows'. Security In NTFS, each file or folder is assigned a that defines its owner and contains two (ACLs).

The first ACL, called list (DACL), defines exactly what type of interactions (e.g. Reading, writing, executing or deleting) are allowed or forbidden by which user or groups of users. For example, files in the C:Program Files folder may be read and executed by all users but modified only by a user holding administrative privileges.

Robert miles 23am rar file. Windows Vista adds info to DACLs. DACLs are the primary focus of in Windows Vista and later.The second ACL, called system access control list (SACL), defines which interactions with the file or folder are to be audited and whether they should be logged when the activity is successful, failed or both.

For example, auditing can be enabled on sensitive files of a company, so that its managers get to know when someone tries to delete them or make a copy of them, and whether he or she succeeds. Encryption. Main article:(EFS) provides strong and user-transparent encryption of any file or folder on an NTFS volume. EFS works in conjunction with the EFS service, Microsoft's and the EFS File System Run-Time Library (FSRTL).

EFS works by encrypting a file with a bulk (also known as the File Encryption Key, or FEK), which is used because it takes a relatively small amount of time to encrypt and decrypt large amounts of data than if an cipher is used. The symmetric key that is used to encrypt the file is then encrypted with a that is associated with the user who encrypted the file, and this encrypted data is stored in an alternate data stream of the encrypted file.

To decrypt the file, the file system uses the of the user to decrypt the symmetric key that is stored in the file header. It then uses the symmetric key to decrypt the file. Because this is done at the file system level, it is transparent to the user. Also, in case of a user losing access to their key, support for additional decryption keys has been built into the EFS system, so that a recovery agent can still access the files if needed. NTFS-provided encryption and NTFS-provided compression are mutually exclusive; however, NTFS can be used for one and a third-party tool for the other.The support of EFS is not available in Basic, Home, and MediaCenter versions of Windows, and must be activated after installation of Professional, Ultimate, and Server versions of Windows or by using enterprise deployment tools within Windows domains.Quotas were introduced in NTFS v3. They allow the administrator of a computer that runs a version of Windows that supports NTFS to set a threshold of disk space that users may use.

It also allows administrators to keep track of how much disk space each user is using. An administrator may specify a certain level of disk space that a user may use before they receive a warning, and then deny access to the user once they hit their upper limit of space. Disk quotas do not take into account NTFS's transparent, should this be enabled. Applications that query the amount of free space will also see the amount of free space left to the user who has a quota applied to them.Reparse points.

Main article:Introduced in NTFS v3, NTFS reparse points are used by associating a reparse tag in the user space attribute of a file or directory. Microsoft includes several default tags including,. When the parses a file system name lookup and encounters a reparse attribute, it will reparse the name lookup, passing the user controlled reparse data to every file system filter driver that is loaded into Windows. Each filter driver examines the reparse data to see whether it is associated with that reparse point, and if that filter driver determines a match, then it intercepts the file system request and performs its special functionality.Resizing Starting with Microsoft added the built-in ability to shrink or expand a partition. However, this ability does not relocate page file fragments or files that have been marked as unmovable, so shrinking a volume will often require relocating or disabling any, the index of, and any used. Various third-party tools are capable of resizing NTFS partitions.Internals. NTFS file system permissions on a systemInternally, NTFS uses to index file system data.

A is used to guarantee the integrity of the file system metadata but not individual files' content. Systems using NTFS are known to have improved reliability compared to FAT file systems.NTFS allows any sequence of 16-bit values for name encoding (file names, stream names, index names, etc.) except 0x0000. This means code units are supported, but the file system does not check whether a sequence is valid (it allows any sequence of values, not restricted to those in the Unicode standard). In Win32 namespace, any UTF-16 code units are case insensitive whereas in POSIX namespace they are case sensitive. File names are limited to 255 code units. Certain names are reserved in the volume root directory and cannot be used for files. These are, $MFTMirr, $LogFile, $Volume, $AttrDef,.

(dot), $Bitmap, $Boot, $BadClus, $Secure, $UpCase, and $Extend. (dot) and $Extend are both directories; the others are files. The NT kernel limits full paths to 32,767 UTF-16 code units. There are some additional restrictions on code points and file names.

Partition Boot Sector (VBR) NTFS boot sector contents (All values except strings are stored in order.)Byte offsetField lengthTypical valueField namePurpose0x003 bytes0xEB5290JMP instructionCauses execution to continue after the data structures in this boot sector.0x038 bytes' NTFS 'Word 'NTFS' followed by four trailing spaces (0x20)OEM IDThis is the magic cookie that indicates this is an NTFS file system.0x0B2 bytes0x0200BPBBytes per sectorThe number of bytes in a disk sector.0x0D1 byte0x08Sectors Per ClusterThe number of sectors in a cluster. If the value is greater than 0x80, the amount of sectors is 2 to the power of the absolute value of considering this field to be negative.0x0E2 bytes0x0000Reserved Sectors, unusedHow much space is reserved by the OS at the start of disk. This is always 9.0x103 bytes0x000000UnusedThis field is always 00x132 bytes0x0000Unused by NTFSThis field is always 00x151 byte0xF8Media DescriptorThe type of drive. MS-EFSR: Encrypting File System Remote (EFSRPC) Protocol.

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