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• February 25, 2020

  The docu-drama Occasional Spies/ Spioni de ocazie, written and directed by Oana Bujgoi Giurgiu enters post-production after two years of intensive production work. Her second feature length documentary after Aliyah Dada (Gopo Award for Best Documentary in 2016) focuses on a Second World War less-known story about ordinary people recruited by British Intelligence and sent […]

• Parking, Tudor Giurgiu’s most recent film, starring Belen Cuesta, Mihai Smarandache, Ariadna Gil, and Luis Bermejo received 8 nominations for the Gopo Awards, the Romanian film industry awards. His three previous titles – Love Sick, Of Snails and Men and Why Me? – also received nods in the Best Feature Film category. Best Feature FilmActor […]

• Update on February 25: Fresh from Berlinale, after the world premiere in the Encounters new section, on February 24: “[…] Ostrochovsky styles Servants with the flair and unease of film noir, while ramping up the tension almost to horror-movie levels. Shot in black-and-white, in Academy ratio, and with a droning, needling soundtrack, the images bristle […]

• December 19, 2019

  Eden, the much awaited third feature film by talented Hungarian filmmaker Ágnes Kocsis (Adrienn Pál), will have its world premiere at the International Film Festival Rotterdam (IFFR), in the Big Screen Competition. Nine films will compete for the VPRO Big Screen Award, which is worth €30,000 and guarantees a local theatrical release as well as […]

• December 10, 2019

  Crissea IV, the first feature film project of Vladimir Dembinski, was selected to participate in MIDPOINT Feature Launch 2020. MIDPOINT’s leading feature-length film program Feature Launch is designed for filmmakers working on their first and second films. Selected writers, producers and directors of 9 feature film projects will experience a year-long development platform, which takes […]

• November 15, 2019

  The first feature project of renowned Romanian writer Cecilia Ștefănescu, called The Great Adventure/ Marea aventură, has been selected in the TorinoFilmLab (TFL) Extended – Creative Production workshop. 14 teams of writer/director and producer will be participating in the programme this year, from November 18th to November 24th. TFL Extended – Creative Production is a […]

Skull from the ' (the oldest known remain of Homo sapiens in Europe).Human remains found in ('Cave with Bones'), radiocarbon dated as being from circa 40,000 years ago, represent the oldest known in Europe. Techniques and agriculture spread after the arrival of a mixed group of people from in the 6th millennium BC. Excavations near a at yielded the earliest evidence for salt exploitation in Europe; here salt production began between 5th millennium BC and 4th BC. The first permanent settlements also appeared in the Neolithic. Some of them developed into 'proto-cities', which were larger than 320 hectares (800 acres).

The —the best known of —flourished in, southeastern and northeastern in the 3rd millennium BC.The first fortified settlements appeared around 1800 BC, showing the militant character of societies. Maximum territorial extent of the during 's reign (early 40s BC.)Greek colonies established on the Black Sea coast in the 7th century BC became important centres of commerce with the local tribes. Among the native peoples, listed the of the Lower Danube region, the of Transylvania and the of the plains along the river at the beginning of the 5th century BC. Centuries later, associated the Getae with the who dominated the lands along the southern in the 1st century BC. Was the first Dacian ruler to unite the local tribes. He also conquered the Greek colonies in and the neighbouring peoples as far as the Middle Danube and the between around 55 and 44 BC.

After Burebista was murdered in 44 BC, his empire collapsed. Ruins of sanctuaries at (Dacia's capital during the reigns of Burebista and Decebalus).The Romans reached Dacia during Burebista's reign and conquered Dobruja in 46 AD. Was again united under around 85 AD.

He resisted the Romans for decades, but the Roman army defeated his troops in 106 AD. Emperor transformed, and the greater part of Transylvania into the new of, but Dacian, and tribes continued to dominate the lands along the Roman frontiers. The Romans pursued an organised colonisation policy, and the provincials enjoyed a long period of peace and prosperity in the 2nd century.

Scholars accepting the Daco-Roman continuity theory—one of the main theories about the —say that the cohabitation of the native Dacians and the Roman colonists in Roman Dacia was the first phase of the Romanians'.The, and other neighbouring tribes made regular raids against Dacia from the 210s. The Romans could not resist, and Emperor ordered the evacuation of the province in 271. Scholars supporting the continuity theory are convinced that most Latin-speaking commoners stayed behind when the army and civil administration was withdrawn. The Romans did not abandon their fortresses along the northern banks of the Lower Danube for decades, and Dobruja (known as ) remained an integral part of the Roman Empire until the early 7th century. During the, (portrayed to the right) reigned briefly over the three medieval principalities of, and, covering most of the present-day territory of Romania.The princes of Transylvania, Wallachia, and Moldavia joined the against the Ottoman Empire in 1594.

The Wallachian prince, united the three principalities under his rule in May 1600. The neighboring powers forced him to abdicate in September, but he became a symbol of the unification of the Romanian lands in the 19th century.

Although the rulers of the three principalities continued to pay tribute to the Ottomans, the most talented princes— of Transylvania, of Wallachia, and of Moldavia—strengthened their autonomy.The united armies of the expelled the Ottoman troops from Central Europe between 1684 and 1699, and the Principality of Transylvania was integrated into the. The Habsburgs supported the Catholic clergy and persuaded the Orthodox Romanian prelates to accept the in 1699. The Church Union strengthened the Romanian intellectuals' devotion to their Roman heritage. The Orthodox Church was restored in Transylvania only after Orthodox monks stirred up revolts in 1744 and 1759. The organization of the caused further disturbances,.Princes of Moldavia and of Wallachia concluded alliances with the Habsburg Monarchy and Russia against the Ottomans, but they were dethroned in 1711 and 1714, respectively.

The sultans lost confidence in the native princes and appointed Orthodox merchants from the district of Istanbul to rule Moldova and Wallachia. The princes pursued oppressive fiscal policies and dissolved the army. The neighboring powers took advantage of the situation: the Habsburg Monarchy annexed the northwestern part of Moldavia, or, in 1775, and the seized the eastern half of Moldavia, or, in 1812.A census revealed that the Romanians were more numerous than any other ethnic group in Transylvania in 1733, but legislation continued to use contemptuous adjectives (such as 'tolerated' and 'admitted') when referring to them. The, who demanded recognition of the Romanians as the fourth privileged nation was forced into exile. Uniate and Orthodox clerics and laymen jointly signed a in 1791, but the monarch and the local authorities refused to grant their requests.

Independence and monarchy. Changes in Romania's territory since 1859.The authorised the Russian ambassador in Istanbul to defend the autonomy of Moldavia and Wallachia (known as the ) in 1774. Taking advantage of the, a Wallachian lesser nobleman, Tudor Vladimirescu, stirred up a revolt against the Ottomans in January 1821, but he was murdered in June by Phanariot Greeks. After a, the strengthened the autonomy of the Danubian Principalities in 1829, although it also acknowledged the sultan's right to confirm the election of the princes., and other leaders of the and demanded the emancipation of the peasants and the union of the two principalities, but Russian and Ottoman troops crushed their revolt. The Wallachian revolutionists were the first to adopt the blue, yellow and red as the. In Transylvania, most Romanians supported the imperial government against the after the Diet passed a law concerning the union of Transylvania and Hungary.

Bishop proposed the unification of the Romanians of the Habsburg Monarchy in a separate duchy, but the central government refused to change the internal borders. Was the first (i.e. Prince) of Romania (at that time the United Principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia) between 1862 and 1866.The put the Danubian Principalities under the collective guardianship of the in 1856. After convoked in Moldavia and Wallachia urged the unification of the two principalities, the Great Powers did not prevent the election of as their collective (or ruling prince) in January 1859.

The officially adopted the name Romania on 21 February 1862. Cuza's government carried out a series of reforms, including the secularisation of the property of monasteries and agrarian reform, but a coalition of conservative and radical politicians forced him to abdicate in February 1866.Cuza's successor, a German prince, (or Carol I), was elected in May.

The parliament adopted the in the same year. The Great Powers acknowledged Romania's full independence at the and Carol I was crowned king in 1881. The Congress also granted the Danube Delta and Dobruja to Romania. Although Romanian scholars strove for the unification of all Romanians into a, the government did not openly support their projects.The Transylvanian Romanians and Saxons wanted to maintain the separate status of Transylvania in the Habsburg Monarchy, but the brought about the union of the province with Hungary in 1867. Ethnic Romanian politicians sharply opposed the Hungarian government's attempts to transform Hungary into a national state, especially the laws prescribing the obligatory teaching of Hungarian.

Leaders of the proposed the federalisation of and the Romanian intellectuals established a cultural association to promote the use of Romanian. World Wars and Greater Romania. Late ethnic map of depicting predominantly Romanian-inhabited territories in blue.

Are marked in yellow and in pink.Fearing Russian expansionism, Romania secretly joined the of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy in 1883, but public opinion remained hostile to Austria-Hungary. Romania seized from Bulgaria in the in 1913. German and Austrian-Hungarian diplomacy supported Bulgaria during the war, bringing about a rapprochement between Romania and the of France, Russia and the United Kingdom. The country remained neutral when broke out in 1914, but Prime Minister started negotiations with the Entente Powers. After they promised Austrian-Hungarian territories with a majority of ethnic Romanian population to Romania in the, Romania entered the war against the in 1916. The German and Austrian-Hungarian troops defeated the Romanian army and occupied three-quarters of the country by early 1917.

After the turned Russia from an ally into an enemy, Romania was forced to sign a with the Central Powers in May 1918, but the collapse of Russia also enabled the. Again mobilised the Romanian army on behalf of the Entente Powers a day before on 11 November 1918.

King with his nephew and great-nephew.Austria-Hungary quickly disintegrated after the war. The proclaimed the union of the province with Romania on 28 November 1918, and the decided the union of Transylvania, Banat, Crișana and Maramureș with the kingdom on 1 December. Peace treaties with Austria, Bulgaria and Hungary delineated the new borders in 1919 and 1920, but the did not acknowledge the loss of Bessarabia.

Romania achieved its greatest territorial extent, expanding from the pre-war 137,000 to 295,000 km 2 (53,000 to 114,000 sq mi). A new electoral system granted to all adult male citizens, and a series of radical agrarian reforms transformed the country into a 'nation of small landowners' between 1918 and 1921. As a principle was enacted, but women could not vote or be candidates. Established the National Council of Romanian Women to promote feminist ideas. Romania was a multiethnic country, with ethnic minorities making up about 30% of the population, but the declared it a unitary national state in 1923.

Although minorities could establish their own schools, Romanian language, history and geography could only be taught in Romanian.Agriculture remained the principal sector of economy, but several branches of industry—especially the production of coal, oil, metals, synthetic rubber, explosives and cosmetics—developed during the. With oil production of 5.8 million tons in 1930, Romania ranked sixth in the world. Two parties, the and the, dominated political life, but the brought about significant changes in the 1930s. The democratic parties were squeezed between conflicts with the fascist and and the authoritarian tendencies of. The King promulgated a and dissolved the political parties in 1938, replacing the parliamentary system with a royal dictatorship.

Romania's territorial losses in the summer of 1940. Of these territories, only was regained after the end of World War II.The 1938 convinced King Carol II that France and the United Kingdom could not defend Romanian interests.

German preparations for a new war required the regular supply of Romanian oil and agricultural products. The two countries concluded a treaty concerning the coordination of their economic policies in 1939, but the King could not persuade to guarantee Romania's frontiers. Romania was forced to on 26 June 1940, to Hungary on 30 August, and Southern Dobruja to Bulgaria in September. After the territorial losses, the King was forced to abdicate in favour of his minor son, on 6 September, and Romania was transformed into a under the leadership of General. Antonescu signed the of Germany, Italy and Japan on 23 November. The Iron Guard staged a coup against Antonescu, but he crushed the riot with German support and introduced a military dictatorship in early 1941. American flying over a burning oil refinery at, as part of on 1 August 1943.

Due to its role as a significant supplier of oil to the, Romania was a prime target of strategic bombing in 1943 and 1944.Romania entered soon after the in June 1941. The country regained Bessarabia and northern Bucovina, and the Germans placed (the territory between the rivers Dniester and Dnieper) under Romanian administration. Romanian and German troops massacred at least 160,000 local Jews in these territories; more than 105,000 Jews and about 11,000 Gypsies died during their deportation from Bessarabia to Transnistria. Most of the Jewish population of Moldavia, Wallachia, Banat and Southern Transylvania survived, but their fundamental rights were limited. After the in March 1944, about 132,000 Jews – mainly Hungarian-speaking – were deported to from Northern Transylvania with the Hungarian authorities' support.After the Soviet victory in the in 1943, a leader of the opposition to Antonescu, entered into secret negotiations with British diplomats who made it clear that Romania had to seek reconciliation with the Soviet Union.

To facilitate the coordination of their activities against Antonescu's regime, the National Liberal and National Peasants' parties established the National Democratic Bloc, which also included the and parties. After a successful Soviet offensive, the young King Michael I ordered Antonescu's arrest and appointed politicians from the National Democratic Bloc to form a new government on 23 August 1944. Romania switched sides during the war, and nearly 250,000 Romanian troops joined the Red Army's military campaign against Hungary and Germany, but regarded the country as an occupied territory within the Soviet sphere of influence.

Stalin's deputy instructed the King to make the Communists' candidate, the prime minister in March 1945. The Romanian administration in Northern Transylvania was soon restored, and Groza's government carried out an agrarian reform. In February 1947, the confirmed the return of Northern Transylvania to Romania, but they also legalised the presence of units of the Red Army in the country. King was forced to by the Communists in late December 1947, concomitant with the of the country.During the, the Communist-dominated government called for new in 1946, which they, with a fabricated 70% majority of the vote. Thus, they rapidly established themselves as the dominant political force., a Communist party leader imprisoned in 1933, escaped in 1944 to become Romania's first Communist leader. In February 1947, he and others forced to and leave the country and proclaimed Romania a. Romania remained under the direct military occupation and economic control of the USSR until the late 1950s.

During this period, Romania's vast natural resources were drained continuously by mixed Soviet-Romanian companies set up for unilateral exploitative purposes.In 1948, the state began to private firms and to agriculture. Until the early 1960s, the government severely curtailed political liberties and vigorously suppressed any dissent with the help of the —the Romanian secret police.

During this period the regime launched several campaigns of during which numerous ' and 'parasite elements' were targeted for different forms of punishment including: deportation, internal exile, internment in forced labour camps and prisons—sometimes for life—as well as extrajudicial killing. Nevertheless, was one of the most long-lasting in the Eastern Bloc. A estimated the number of direct victims of the Communist repression at two million people. Ruled Romania as its Communist leader from 1965 until 1989.In 1965, came to power and started to conduct the country's foreign policy more independently from the Soviet Union. Thus, Communist Romania was the only country which refused to participate in the Soviet-led of.

Ceaușescu even as 'a big mistake, and a serious danger to peace in Europe and to the fate of Communism in the world'. ) It was the only Communist state to maintain diplomatic relations with after 1967's and established diplomatic relations with the same year.

At the same time, close ties with the and the (PLO) allowed Romania to play a key role in the Israel– and Israel–PLO peace talks. The of 1989 was one of the few violent revolutions in the that brought an end to Communist rule.As Romania's foreign debt increased sharply between 1977 and 1981 (from US$3 billion to $10 billion), the influence of international financial organizations—such as the (IMF) and the —grew, gradually conflicting with Ceaușescu's rule. He eventually initiated a policy of total reimbursement of the foreign debt by imposing that impoverished the population and exhausted the economy. The process succeeded in repaying all of Romania's foreign government debt in 1989. At the same time, Ceaușescu greatly extended the authority of the Securitate secret police and imposed a severe, which led to a dramatic decrease in the dictator's popularity and culminated in his overthrow and eventual execution, together with his wife, in the violent of December 1989 in which thousands were killed or injured. The charges for which they were executed were, among others, genocide by starvation.Contemporary period.

Anti-Communist rally in Bucharest (early 1990)After the 1989 revolution, the (NSF), led by, took partial multi-party democratic and free market measures. In April 1990, a sit-in protest contesting the results of and accusing the NSF, including Iliescu, of being made up of former Communists and members of the Securitate grew rapidly to become what was called the. Peaceful demonstrations degenerated into violence, prompting the intervention of coal miners summoned by Iliescu.

This episode has been documented widely by both local and foreign media, and is remembered as the.The subsequent disintegration of the Front produced several political parties, including most notably the and the. The former governed Romania from 1990 until 1996 through several coalitions and governments, with Ion Iliescu as head of state.

Since then, there have been several other democratic changes of government: in 1996 was elected president, in 2000 Iliescu returned to power, while was elected in 2004 and narrowly re-elected in 2009.In November 2014, (: Hermannstadt) mayor was elected president, unexpectedly defeating former, who had been leading in the opinion polls. This surprise victory is attributed by many to the, of which almost 50% voted for Klaus Iohannis in the first round of voting, compared to 16% for Ponta. In 2019, Johannis was re-elected president in a landslide victory over former Prime Minister. Romania has seen large waves of protests against judicial reforms during the.The post–1989 period is also characterised by the fact that most of the former industrial and economic enterprises which were built and operated during the Communist period were closed, mainly as a result of the policies of privatization of the post–1989 regimes.Corruption has also been a in contemporary Romanian politics. In November 2015, massive which developed in the wake of the led to the resignation of Romania's Prime Minister Victor Ponta. During 2017–2018, in response to measures which were perceived to weaken the fight against corruption, some of the took place in Romania, with over 500,000 people protesting across the country.Nevertheless, there have been efforts to tackle corruption.

A was formed in the country in 2002. In 's 2019, Romania's corruption score deteriorated to 44 out of 100, reversing gains made in previous years.

NATO and EU integration. Romania joined the in 2007 and signed the.After the end of the, Romania developed closer ties with and the, eventually joining in 2004, and hosting the in Bucharest.The country applied in June 1993 for membership in the and became an Associated State of the EU in 1995, an Acceding Country in 2004, and a on 1 January 2007.During the 2000s, Romania enjoyed one of the highest economic growth rates in Europe and has been referred at times as 'the Tiger of Eastern Europe'. This has been accompanied by a significant improvement in living standards as the country successfully reduced domestic poverty and established a functional democratic state. However, Romania's development suffered a major setback during the leading to a large gross domestic product contraction and a budget deficit in 2009. This led to Romania borrowing from the International Monetary Fund.

Worsening economic conditions led to and triggered a political crisis in 2012. Romania joined in 2004 and hosted in.Romania still faces problems related to infrastructure, medical services, and corruption.

Near the end of 2013, reported Romania again enjoying 'booming' at 4.1% that year, with wages rising fast and a lower unemployment than in Britain. Economic growth accelerated in the midst of government liberalisations in opening up new sectors to competition and investment—most notably, energy and telecoms. In 2016 the ranked Romania as a nation of 'Very High Human Development'.Following the experience of economic instability throughout the 1990s, and the implementation of a free travel agreement with the EU, a great number of Romanians emigrated to Western Europe and North America, with particularly large communities in,.

In 2016, the Romanian diaspora was estimated to be over 3.6 million people, the fifth-highest emigrant population in the world. Geography and climate. Topographic map of RomaniaRomania is the largest country in and the in Europe, having an area of 238,397 square kilometres (92,046 sq mi).: 17 It lies between latitudes and and longitudes and.The terrain is distributed roughly equally between mountains, hills, and plains. The Carpathian Mountains dominate the centre of Romania, with reaching above 2,000 m or 6,600 ft—the highest is at 2,544 m or 8,346 ft.: 11 They are surrounded by the and plateaus, the and the plains.Natural and semi-natural ecosystems cover about 47% of the country's land area.

There are almost 10,000 km 2 (3,900 sq mi) (about 5% of the total area) of covering 13 and three reserves.The river forms a large part of the border with and, and flows into the, forming the Danube Delta, which is the second-largest and best-preserved delta in Europe, and a and a biodiversity. At 5,800 km 2 (2,200 sq mi), the is the largest continuous marshland in Europe, and supports 1,688 different plant species alone.Romania has one of the largest areas of undisturbed forest in Europe, covering almost 27% of its territory.

Some 3,700 have been identified in the country, from which to date 23 have been declared, 74 extinct, 39 endangered, 171 vulnerable, and 1,253 rare.The consists of 33,792 species of animals, 33,085 and 707, with almost 400 unique species of mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians, including about 50% of Europe's (excluding Russia) and 20% of its. ClimateOwing to its distance from open sea and its position on the southeastern portion of the European continent, Romania has a climate that is and, with four distinct seasons. The average annual temperature is 11 °C (52 °F) in the south and 8 °C (46 °F) in the north. In summer, average maximum temperatures in Bucharest rise to 28 °C (82 °F), and temperatures over 35 °C (95 °F) are fairly common in the lower-lying areas of the country. In winter, the average maximum temperature is below 2 °C (36 °F). Precipitation is average, with over 750 mm (30 in) per year only on the highest western mountains, while around Bucharest it drops to approximately 570 mm (22 in).: 29There are some regional differences: in western sections, such as, the climate is milder and has some Mediterranean influences; the eastern part of the country has a more pronounced continental climate.

In Dobruja, the Black Sea also exerts an influence over the region's climate. Romanian, of.The Romanian Armed Forces consist of, and led by a under the supervision of the, and by the president as the Supreme Commander during wartime. The Armed Forces consist of approximately 15,000 civilians and 75,000 military personnel—45,800 for land, 13,250 for air, 6,800 for naval forces, and 8,800 in other fields. Total defence spending in 2007 accounted for 2.05% of total national GDP, or approximately US$2.9 billion, with a total of $11 billion spent between 2006 and 2011 for modernization and acquisition of new equipment.The Air Force currently operates modernised Soviet Lancer fighters. The Air Force purchased seven new, while the Naval Forces acquired two modernised from the British.Romania contributed troops to the international coalition in beginning in 2002, with a peak deployment of 1,600 troops in 2010 (which was the 4th largest contribution according to the US). Its combat mission in the country concluded in 2014.

Romanian troops participated in the, reaching a peak of 730 soldiers before being slowly drawn down to 350 soldiers. Romania terminated its mission in Iraq and withdrew its last troops on 24 July 2009, among the last countries to do so. The frigate the participated in the.In December 2011, the Romanian Senate unanimously adopted the draft law ratifying the signed in September of the same year that would allow the establishment and operation of a US land-based in Romania as part of NATO's efforts to build a continental. Administrative divisions. Main article:Romania is divided into 41 ( județe, pronounced judetse) and the municipality of. Each county is administered by a county council, responsible for local affairs, as well as a responsible for the administration of national affairs at the county level. The prefect is appointed by the central government but cannot be a member of any political party.

Each county is subdivided further into and, which have their own mayor and local council. There are a total of 320 cities and 2,861 communes in Romania.: 17 A total of 103 of the larger cities have status, which gives them greater administrative power over local affairs. The municipality of Bucharest is a special case, as it enjoys a status on par to that of a county. It is further divided into six: 6 and has a prefect, a general mayor ( primar), and a general city council.The NUTS-3 level divisions of the European Union reflect Romania's administrative-territorial structure and correspond to the 41 counties plus Bucharest. The cities and communes correspond to the NUTS-5 level divisions, but there are no current NUTS-4 level divisions. The NUTS-1 (four ) and NUTS-2 (eight ) divisions exist but have no administrative capacity and are used instead for coordinating regional development projects and statistical purposes.

Since 2007, Romania has been part of the.In 2019, Romania has a GDP (PPP) of around $547 billion and a of $28,189. According to the World Bank, Romania is an upper-middle income country with a mixed economy. According to, Romania's GDP per capita (PPS) was at 66% of the EU average in 2018, an increase from 44% in 2007 (the year of Romania's accession to the EU), making Romania one of the fastest growing economies in the EU.After 1989 the country experienced a decade of economic instability and decline, led in part by an obsolete industrial base and a lack of structural reform. From 2000 onward, however, the Romanian economy was transformed into one of relative stability, characterised by high growth, low unemployment and declining inflation. In 2006, according to the, GDP growth in real terms was recorded at 7.7%, one of the highest rates in Europe. However, a recession following the forced the government to borrow externally, including an €20 billion bailout program. According to, GDP per capita in purchasing power parity grew from $13,687 in 2007 to $28,206 in 2018.

Romania's net average monthly wage increased to 666 euro as of 2020, and an inflation rate of −1.1% in 2016. Unemployment in Romania was at 4.3% in August 2018, which is low compared to other EU countries. The Palace, situated in the capital's historical city centre.Industrial output growth reached 6.5% year-on-year in February 2013, the highest in the Europe.

The largest local companies include car maker,. As of 2020, there are around 6000 exports per month. Romania's main exports are: cars, software, clothing and textiles, industrial machinery, electrical and electronic equipment, metallurgic products, raw materials, military equipment, pharmaceuticals, fine chemicals, and agricultural products (fruits, vegetables, and flowers). Trade is mostly centred on the member states of the European Union, with Germany and Italy being the country's single largest trading partners. The account balance in 2012 was estimated to be 4.52% of GDP.After a series of privatizations and reforms in the late 1990s and 2000s, government intervention in the Romanian economy is somewhat less than in other European economies. In 2005, the government replaced Romania's system with a of 16% for both personal income and corporate profit, among the lowest rates in the European Union.

The economy is based predominantly on services, which account for 56.2% of the country's total GDP as of 2017, with industry and agriculture accounting for 30% and 4.4% respectively.Approximately 25.8% of the Romanian workforce is employed in agriculture, one of the highest rates in Europe.Romania has attracted increasing amounts of foreign investment following the end of Communism, with the stock of (FDI) in Romania rising to €83.8 billion in June 2019. Romania's FDI outward stock (an external or foreign business either investing in or purchasing the stock of a local economy) amounted to $745 million in December 2018, the lowest value among the 28 EU member states.According to a 2019 World Bank report, Romania ranks 52nd out of 190 economies in the ease of doing business, one place higher than neighbouring Hungary and one place lower than Italy. The report praised the consistent enforcement of contracts and access to credit in the country, while noting difficulties in access to electricity and dealing with construction permits. Graph depicting Romania's electricity supply mix as of 2015According to the Romania's (INSSE), Romania's total road network was estimated in 2015 at 86,080 kilometres (53,488 mi).

The World Bank estimates the railway network at 22,298 kilometres (13,855 mi) of track, the fourth-largest railroad network in Europe. Romania's experienced a dramatic decline after 1989 and was estimated at 99 million passenger journeys in 2004, but has experienced a recent (2013) revival due to infrastructure improvements and partial privatisation of lines, accounting for 45% of all passenger and freight movements in the country., the only railway system, was opened in 1979 and measures 61.41 km (38.16 mi) with an average ridership in 2007 of 600,000 passengers during the workweek in the country. There are in service today.

Over 12.8 million passengers flew through Bucharest's in 2017.Romania is a net exporter of electrical energy and is 52nd worldwide in terms of consumption of electric energy. Around a third of the produced energy comes from renewable sources, mostly as hydroelectric power. In 2015, the main sources were coal (28%), hydroelectric (30%), nuclear (18%), and hydrocarbons (14%). It has one of the largest refining capacities in Eastern Europe, even though oil and natural gas production has been decreasing for more than a decade. With one of the largest reserves of and in Europe it is among the most energy-independent countries in the European Union, and is looking to expand its nuclear power plant at further.There were almost 18.3 million connections to the Internet in June 2014.

According to, in 2013 Romania ranked fifth in the world, and according to, it ranks number one in Europe at Internet speeds, with ranked among the highest in the world. See also: andTourism is a significant contributor to the Romanian economy, generating around 5% of GDP.

According to the, Romania was estimated to have the fourth-fastest-growing travel and tourism total demand in the world, with an estimated potential growth of 8% per year from 2007 to 2016. The number of tourists has been rising steadily, reaching 9.33 million foreign tourists in 2016, according to the Worldbank. Tourism in Romania attracted €400 million in investments in 2005.

More than 60% of the foreign visitors in 2007 were from other EU countries. The popular summer attractions of and other attracted 1.3 million tourists in 2009. Most popular skiing resorts are along the and in.

As well as preserved medieval Transylvanian cities or towns such as, Sibiu, or also attract a large number of tourists., near Brașov, is one of the most famous attractions in Romania, drawing hundreds of thousands of tourists every year as it is often advertised as being 's Castle.Rural tourism, focusing on folklore and traditions, has become an important alternative, and is targeted to promote such sites as and its Dracula's Castle, the, and the, or the. Other attractions include the Danube Delta or the.In 2014, Romania had 32,500 companies active in the hotel and restaurant industry, with a total turnover of €2.6 billion.

More than 1.9 million foreign tourists visited Romania in 2014, 12% more than in 2013. According to the country's National Statistics Institute, some 77% came from Europe (particularly from Germany, Italy, and France), 12% from Asia, and less than 7% from North America. Science and technology. Main articles: andHistorically, Romanian researchers and inventors have made notable contributions to several fields. In the history of flight, built the first airplane to take off under its own power and built and flew some of the earliest successful, while discovered the of fluidics. Discovered more than 50 types of; biologist discovered, while received the for his contributions to. Was the first chemist to synthesise, and he also invented the procedure of separating valuable petroleum components with selective solvents.During the 1990s and 2000s, the development of research was hampered by several factors, including: corruption, low funding, and a considerable.

In recent years, Romania has ranked the lowest or second-lowest in the European Union by spending as a percentage of GDP, standing at roughly 0.5% in 2016 and 2017, substantially below the EU average of just over 2%. The country joined the (ESA) in 2011, and in 2016.

In 2018, however, Romania lost its voting rights in the ESA due to a failure to pay €56.8 million in membership contributions to the agency.In the early 2010s, the situation for science in Romania was characterised as 'rapidly improving' albeit from a low base. In January 2011, Parliament passed a law that enforces 'strict quality control on universities and introduces tough rules for funding evaluation and peer review'.The facility of the European Union's proposed (ELI) will be built in Romania. In early 2012, Romania launched its first from the in French Guyana. Starting in December 2014, Romania became a co-owner of the. Ethnic map of the based on the 1930 census data.According to the, Romania's population is 20,121,641. Like other countries in the region, its population is expected to decline gradually in the coming years as a result of and negative. In October 2011, made up 88.9% of the population.

The largest are the, 6.1% of the population, and the, 3.0% of the population. The is usually underestimated in census data and may represent up to 10% of the population. Hungarians constitute a majority in the counties of.

Other minorities include,. In 1930, there were 745,421 living in Romania, but only about 36,000 remained in the country to this day. As of 2009, there were also approximately 133,000 immigrants living in Romania, primarily from Moldova and.The (TFR) in 2018 was estimated at 1.36 children born per woman, which is below the replacement rate of 2.1, and one of the lowest in the world, it remains considerably below the high of 5.82 children born per woman in 1912. In 2014, 31.2% of births were to unmarried women.The (9.49‰, 2012) is much lower than the (11.84‰, 2012), resulting in a shrinking (−0.26% per year, 2012) and aging population (median age: 41.6 years, 2018), one of the oldest populations in the world, with approximately 16.8% of total population aged 65 years and over.

The life expectancy in 2015 was estimated at 74.92 years (71.46 years male, 78.59 years female).The number of Romanians and individuals with ancestors born in Romania living abroad is estimated at around 12 million. After the, a significant number of Romanians emigrated to other European countries, North America or Australia. For example, in 1990, 96,919 Romanians permanently settled abroad. 6.2%Romania is a and has no.

An overwhelming majority of the population identify themselves as. At the country's 2011 census, 81.0% of respondents identified as belonging to the. Other denominations include (6.2%), (4.3%), and (0.8%). From the remaining population, 195,569 people belong to other Christian denominations or have another religion, which includes 64,337 (mostly of Turkish and Tatar ethnicity) and 3,519 (Jews once constituted 4% of the Romanian population—728,115 persons in the 1930 census). Moreover, 39,660 people have no religion or are, whilst the religion of the rest is unknown.The Romanian Orthodox Church is an Eastern Orthodox Church in with other Orthodox churches, with a as its leader. It is the fourth-largest Orthodox Church in the world, and unlike other Orthodox churches, it functions within a Latin culture and utilises a liturgical language.

Its canonical jurisdiction covers the territories of Romania and Moldova. Main articles: andAlthough 54.0% of the population lived in in 2011, this percentage has been declining since 1996. Counties with over ⅔ urban population are, and, while those with less than a third are (30.06%).

Bucharest is the capital and the largest city in Romania, with a population of over 1.8 million in 2011. Its has a population of almost 2.2 million, which are planned to be included into a up to 20 times the area of the. Another 19 cities have a population of over 100,000, with Cluj-Napoca and Timișoara of slightly more than 300,000 inhabitants, and Brașov with over 250,000 inhabitants, and and with over 200,000 inhabitants. Have been constituted for most of these cities. Main article:Romania has a system; total health expenditures by the government are roughly 5% of GDP.

It covers medical examinations, any surgical interventions, and any post-operative medical care, and provides free or subsidised medicine for a range of diseases. The state is obliged to fund public hospitals and clinics. The most common causes of death are cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Transmissible diseases are quite common by European standards. In 2010, Romania had 428 state and 25 private hospitals, with 6.2 hospital beds per 1,000 people, and over 200,000 medical staff, including over 52,000 doctors.

As of 2013, the emigration rate of doctors was 9%, higher than the European average of 2.5%. Christmas market inThere are 12 non-working public holidays, including the, celebrated on 1 December in commemoration of the 1918. Winter holidays include the Christmas and New Year festivities during which various unique folklore dances and games are common:, ursul, and capra.

The traditional that otherwise has largely fallen out of use during the 20th century, is a popular ceremonial vestment worn on these festivities, especially in rural areas. There are sacrifices of live pigs during Christmas and lambs during Easter that has required a special exemption from EU law after 2007. In the, traditions such as are very common. Total war warhammer crash on battle loading screen.

On 1 March features gifting, which is a tradition that females are gifted with a type of talisman that is given for good luck.Romanian cuisine has been influenced by and (especially in the historical regions that had been formerly administered by the Habsburg Monarchy), but also shares some similarities with other cuisines in the such as the,. Includes a wide range of, while, (similar to ), and are featured commonly in main courses.Pork, chicken, and beef are the preferred types of meat, but lamb and fish are also quite popular. Certain traditional recipes are made in direct connection with the holidays:, and at Christmas;, and at Easter and other Romanian holidays. Is a strong plum reaching a 70% alcohol content which is the country's traditional alcoholic beverage, taking as much as 75% of the national crop (Romania is one of the ). Traditional alcoholic beverages also include, and, but consumption has increased dramatically over recent years.

Iconic athletes in the history of Romanian sports (clockwise from top left):, andis the most popular sport in Romania with over 219,000 registered players as of 2018. The market for professional football in Romania is roughly €740 million according to.The governing body is the, which belongs to UEFA.

The played its first match in 1922 and is one of only four national teams to have taken part in the first three, the other three being Brazil, France, and Belgium. Overall, it has played in seven World Cups and had its most successful period during the 1990s, when it reached the quarterfinals of the, eventually being ranked third by in 1997.The core player of this was, who was nicknamed 'Maradona of the Carpathians'. Other successful players include the winners:, and, and many others, and most recently,.

The Romanian national team also reached the quarterfinals of the three times. Romania's home ground is the in Bucharest.The most successful club is, who were the first Eastern European team to win the in, and were runners-up in. They were also semi-finalists in. Reached the Champions League semi-final in and the semi-final in. Other important Romanian football clubs are, and.Tennis is the second most popular sport.

Romania reached the finals three times in 1969, 1971 and 1972. In singles, was the in the in 1973, winning several titles. Also won the in 1978, and was runner-up in 1980, won the in 2018 and in 2019 after losing her first three Grand Slam finals. She has ended and as.

And in doubles won three Grand Slams and the final. He was World Number 2 in 2015.Young people prefer almost as much as they prefer. Has been a prominent basketball player as he gained popularity off the court as well as on the court. Yet, the has had only modest success.Another popular is. Both the and national handball teams are multiple world champions. Has a record four awards.Popular include,. In, Romania has produced many world champions across the weight divisions internationally recognised by governing bodies.

World champions include,. Another popular combat sport is, which has produced prominent practitioners including, and.Romania participated in the for the first time in 1900 and has taken part in 21 of the 28 summer games. It has been one of the more successful countries at the, with a total of 307 medals won throughout the years, of which 89 were gold, ranking, and second of the nations that have never hosted the games.

Romanians participated at the in Los Angeles and finished second in gold medals (20) and third in total medal count (53).Almost a quarter of all the medals and 25 of the gold ones were won in, with Olympic and sport icon becoming the first gymnast ever to score a perfect ten in an Olympic event at the.Romanian competitors have won gold medals in other Olympic sports: rowing, athletics, canoeing, wrestling, shooting, fencing, swimming, weightlifting, boxing, and judo.

The most popular versions of Adobe Flash Builder for Mac are 4.7, 4.6 and 4.5. The application lies within Developer Tools, more precisely Webmaster Tools. Our antivirus analysis shows that this Mac download is virus free. Flash animation program. Install Flash Builder 4.6 for PHP on Mac OS X. Log in as the Administrator or as a computer administrator (a user account with administrator privileges). Prior to installing, uninstall any prerelease versions of Flash Builder 4.6 or Flash Builder 4.5/4.5.1 or Flash Builder for PHP 4.5/4.5.1. Welcome to the Adobe Flash Builder 4 (formerly Flex Builder) public beta release on Adobe Labs. The first thing that you've already noticed is that we are renaming Flex Builder to Flash Builder. This name change will create a clear distinction between the free open-source Flex framework and the commercial IDE. So my advice is: if you want to install or re-install Flash Builder 4.6 on a Mac with Lion installed, upgrade to Mountain Lion or better to avoid problems. Flash Builder 4.6 shipped with support for Flash Player 11.1 and AIR 3.1 via the Adobe Flex 4.6 SDK. Flash Builder 4.6 has not been tested with newer versions of the Flash runtimes.